FABRICATING LDX 2101 LEAN DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL
Contents
Description and Specifi cations............................................................................................... 1
Hot Forming........................................................................................................................... 2
Cold forming........................................................................................................................... 2
Heat Treatment....................................................................................................................... 2
Machining.....
.......................................................................................................................... 3
Tube Bending and Rolling...................................................................................................... 3
Welding.......
............................................................................................................................ 4
Heat Input............................................................................................................................... 5
Filler Metals............................................................................................................................ 5
Welding Process vs Properties............................................................................................... 6
Shielded Metal Arc.................................................................................................................. 6
Gas Metal Arc......................................................................................................................... 7
Submerged Arc....................................................................................................................... 7
Flux Cored Arc........................................................................................................................ 8
Gas Tungsten Arc.................................................................................................................... 9
Dissimilar Metal Welds...........................................................................................................10
Weld Joint Designs.................................................................................................................10
Repair Welding.......................................................................................................................12
Quality Assurance..................................................................................................................12
Ferrite Measurement..............................................................................................................13
DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS
LDX 2101 stainless is a general purpose duplex stainless steel. The microstructure has about 35-65% ferrite in the annealed condition.
Like other duplex grades, it is quite strong. Its yield strength is twice that of standard austenitic stainless. LDX 2101 has good corrosion
resistance, matching that of stainlesses such as 304L and 316L. As a duplex stainless, LDX 2101 is resistant to chloride stress corrosion
cracking. The weldability of this lean duplex is good. This combination of properties offers an optimum balance of strength, ease of
maintenance and overall cost effectiveness.
SPECIFICATIONS:
UNS S32101 EN 1.4162 ASME Case 2418. Plate, sheet and strip ASTM/ASME A 240/SA-240; Bar ASTM/ASME A 479/SA-479,
Seamless & welded tube ASTM A 789, Seamless & welded pipe ASTM A 790
LDX 2101 Chemistry Range
Ni
Cr
Mo
C
N
Mn
Cu
Si
P
S
Fe
1.25
21.0
0.10
0.040
0.20
4.00
0.10
1.00
.040
.030
remainder
1.70
22.0
0.80
max
0.25
6.00
0.80
max
max
max
Minimum Mechanical Properties
Tensile Strength
0.2% Yield Strength
Elongation
%
Hardness,
Brinell
psi
MPa
psi
MPa
94,000
650
65,000 450
30
290 max
ASME Section VIII, Div. 1, Case 2418 Maximum Allowable Stress Values, ksi
Metal Temperature Not Exceeding,
°F
100
200
300
400
500
550
600
Stress, ksi
26.9
26.9
25.6
24.7
24.7
24.7
24.7
For external pressure design, use Figure and Table HA-5, in Section II, Part D
Section IIA SA-182 Flanges, Fittings and Valves, SA-240 Plate, Sheet & Strip SA-479 Bar, ASTM A 923 Detecting Detrimental
Intermetallic Phase.
For ASME Code construction, separate welding procedure qualifi cations and performance qualifi cations shall be conducted as
prescribed in ASME Section IX
WELDING CONSUMABLES
GMAW, GTAW and SAW bare wire nominal chemistry: 23.5Cr 7Ni 0.3Mo 1Mn 0.14N 0.02C
SMAW covered electrodes nominal chemistry: 24Cr 7Ni 0.4Mo 1.5Mn 0.14N 0.04C
FCAW gas-shielded fl ux core nominal chemistry: 24Cr 9Ni 0.7Mo 1.5Mn 0.14N 0.03 C.
AWS specifi cations for LDX 2101 weld fi llers are being developed.
1
HOT FORMING
Heat LDX 2101 uniformly to 1650-2010°F (900-1100°C). Dies
should have generous radii. Follow by solution anneal. Bear in
mind that this alloy has low strength at high temperatures.
Hot tearing or surface checking are possible if the initial forging
temperature is too high. As with other high chromium alloys, LDX
2101 can be sensitive to coarse grinding or machining marks on
the part to be formed.
A rapid heat-up rate is desirable. This alloy has very low strength
at the annealing temperature, so the work-piece should be well
supported in the furnace.
COLD FORMING
LDX 2101 stainless can be formed and cold worked using
techniques and designs similar to the basic austenitic stainless
steel grades. However, due to higher strength and slightly lower
ductility, bend radii must be more generous than those used for
austenitic materials. Power requirements for forming operations
will be greater due to the higher yield strength of LDX 2101
stainless as compared to standard austenitic stainless.
LDX 2101 stainless plate can normally be press brake bent over a
radius equal to twice the plate thickness. As with other
stainless and nickel alloys, bending over a sharp male die may
cause the material to crack. Annealing may be required after 25%
cold deformation.
HEAT TREATMENT
Solution annealing is performed in the range 1870-1975°F (1020-
1080°C), followed by water quench or rapid cooling by other
means. A rapid heat-up rate is desirable. This alloy has very low
strength at the annealing temperature, so the work-piece should
be well supported in the furnace.
Hold at temperature at least 10 minutes, or 30 minutes per inch
(25 mm) of thickness, followed by a water quench. Furnace
cooling of LDX 2101 stainless is not recommended, and may
result in unacceptable mechanical and corrosion properties.
2
MACHINING
Duplex stainless steels are generally more diffi cult to machine
than austenitic stainless steels such as 316L, due to higher
hardness. However, LDX 2101 has shown excellent machining
properties. Because of its machinability, LDX 2101 may be
considered for applications such as tube sheets, replacing the
special machining grade of austenitic stainless normally used.
TUBE BENDING AND ROLLING
It is suggested that LDX 2101 stainless tubes be bent to no tighter
than a radius of 2 times the tube's outside diameter (O.D.). This
is a minimum inside radius of 1-1/2 times O.D., and a minimum
centerline-to-centerline leg spacing of 4 times O.D.
Unlike copper alloy or titanium tubes, duplex stainless tubes may
be rolled to the full thickness of the tubesheet. No provision need
be made for staying back from the inside face of the tubesheet.
Grooving the tubesheet hole will not increase the pull-out strength
of the rolled-in tube. High strength stainless steels do not fl ow into
the grooves when rolled.
LDX 2101 stainless tubes may be expanded using 3, 4 or 5-roller
expanders. Selection of the number of rolls is largely a matter of
personal preference. However, 5-roller expanders tend to be more
forgiving when operator skills vary.
Machinability Index
0
0.5
1
1.5
316/L
LDX 2101
2205
2507
Machining with cemented carbide
tools
High Speed steel tools
3
WELDING
HEAT INPUT
In welding duplex alloys such as LDX 2101 it is desirable to
maintain the proper austenite-ferrite balance in the weld metal
and in the heat affected zone (HAZ). This is accomplished by
using a weld fi ller metal enriched in nickel, and by control of
welding heat input, preheat, and interpass temperature as
appropriate.
LDX 2101 should be welded with fairly high heat input, comparable
to that used for common stainless (e.g., 304L or 316L). Do
NOT treat any duplex stainless as though it were a nickel alloy.
Low heat input and tiny stringer beads are undesirable when
welding a duplex stainless. The welding heat input assists
transformation of excess HAZ ferrite back to austenite as the
weldment cools. High heat input also minimizes chromium nitride
precipitates in the ferrite. The suggested range is 15 to 63.5 kJ/
inch (0.6 to 2.5 kJ/mm). The lower end of this range is used with
covered electrodes in the fl at position. Higher heat is required for
vertical SMAW welds.
Heat input in kJ/inch is calculated:
Voltage x Amperage x 6
Travel Speed (inch/minute) x 100
The arc should always be struck at a point within the joint itself.
An arc scar is essentially an autogenous weld, very rapidly
cooled, and may have excessive ferrite. Arc scars on the base
metal should be removed by fi ne grinding.
PREHEATING
Preheating is not normally done with LDX 2101. Two exceptions
are to remove moisture, and when welding very thick plate.
If the shop is cool such that condensate may occur, or when
welding out of doors in cold weather it may be useful to preheat
just to ensure that the metal is dry. Heat very carefully and uniformly
in the weld area, to at least 50°F (10°C) but no more than
300°F (150°C).
When heavy plate over 5/8 inch (15 mm) is to be welded by a
method with very low heat input less than 15 kJ/inch (0.5 kJ/
mm), one may wish to preheat 200—300°F (100—150°C). This
prevents
excessively fast cooling, with its attendant high ferrite content.
INTERPASS TEMPERATURE
Weld interpass temperature must not exceed 300°F (150°C).
Natural conduction of heat away from the weld may be suffi cient
to control interpass temperature. Balanced welding and working
on several welds at the same time may also help. Such
measures also improve productivity and reduce distortion.
Measure interpass temperature with a contact pyrometer or laser
infrared pyrometer. Temperature measuring crayons may
contaminate the joint.
MICROSTRUCTURE
Duplex alloys are more prone than austenitic stainless to
precipitation of phases that reduce ductility and corrosion
resistance. These curves illustrate the time-temperature
relationships for embrittlement due to sigma formation, and to
885°F (475°C) embrittlement of the ferrite phase.
It is desirable to minimize the amount of time spent in the "red
heat" temperature range. LDX 2101 takes signifi cantly longer than
2205, before any harmful phases precipitate.
Curves showing reduction of impact strength to 50% of the initial
value in the solution annealed condition.
4
FILLER METALS
Enriched nickel weld fi llers have been developed to further assure
proper phase balance in LDX 2101 stainless weldments. The
higher nickel, 7% in bare wire and in covered electrodes, and 9%
in fl ux cored wire, promotes transformation of ferrite to austenite
as the weld bead cools. These enriched nickel weld fi llers are
designated LDX 2101.
Duplex weld fi llers such as 2209 or 2507 (Avesta P100, Sandvik
25.10.4.L) GTAW wire may also be used to join LDX 2101 base
metal. These molybdenum alloyed fi llers are more sensitive to
sigma phase precipitation and if used, the welding procedures
appropriate to 2205 or 2507 base metals should be followed.
Nickel alloy weld fi llers have markedly lower erosion resistance
than duplex stainless and ought generally be avoided except
where required for dissimilar metal welds. High columbium levels
in weld fi llers such as ERNiCrMo-3 may deplete nitrogen from the
adjacent LDX 2101 base metal.
WELDING PROCESS VS PROPERTIES
Choice of welding process affects impact toughness. In order of
increasing impact toughness: SMAW AC/DC, FCAW, SAW (with
Flux 805), GMAW argon shielding, GMAW 95Ar 3He 2N
2
shielding, and GTAW.
SHIELDED METAL ARC (SMAW)
LDX 2101 AC/DC enriched nickel covered electrodes should
be used with a short arc, or with its coating sliding along the
workpiece. A "long arc" or increased gap between electrode and
workpiece may result in weld porosity and excessive oxides in the
weld. Avoid welding in the presence of direct drafts of air, wind,
or fans.
Direct Current Reverse Polarity (electrode positive) is preferred.
Optimum results are achieved from using amperage in the upper
end of the given range. It is advantageous to tack with a
somewhat larger gap than might be used for rutile and basic
electrodes, to ensure good penetration. Use stringer beads with
LDX 2101 AC/DC enriched nickel covered electrodes in the fl at
position. A slight weave, not exceeding two times the diameter of
the electrode, may be used. Weaving is unavoidable in vertical
welds.
Remove all slag from each fi ller pass by use of chipping tools,
fi ne grinding or stainless wire brushes. Do NOT use carbon steel
brushes!
LDX 2101 covered electrodes must be kept dry to avoid porosity
and hydrogen embrittlement of the weld. Store these electrodes
in a non-humid environment at 100°F (40°C) or higher and use
while they are still warm, from a heated quiver.
COVERED ELECTRODES (SMAW)
Electrodes which have absorbed moisture may be dried out by
baking in an electric oven for about 3 hours at 480°F (250°C). If
the electrodes are baked too hot or too long, the arc
characteristics will change undesirably.
Typical SMAW Parameters
Electrode dia
Current
inch
mm
Amperes
3/32
2.4
50-80
1/8
3.2
70-110
5/32
4.0
100-160
Typical SMAW Weld Bead Mechanical Properties, Laboratory
Welds
Tensile strength, ksi
120
0.2% Offset Yield, ksi
90
Elongation, %
25
Charpy V-notch Impact Strength 68°F 33 ft-lb
-40°F 20 ft-lb
Hardness
260 Brinell
GAS METAL ARC WELDING (GMAW)
LDX 2101 plate is GMA welded using either the spray arc or
pulsed-arc transfer mode. Short circuiting arc transfer is used for
welding thin sheets and for out-of-position welding. Pulsing arc
transfer provides some of the benefi ts of spray arc at a lower
average heat input, which permits the method to be used in both
the horizontal as well as the vertical-up position. The best
fl exibility is achieved by using pulsed arc and 0.045 inch diameter
wire.
Heat inputs should be maintained around 20-45 kJ/inch (0.8-1.8
kJ/mm). The upper end of the range is not critical.
5
Appearance--on duplex stainless the gas metal arc process
makes a ropey looking weld bead with a dirty gray oxide color.
While unattractive, this is quite normal for GMAW using LDX 2101
wire. Do clean this oxide off between weld passes.
Shielding gas is normally 100% welding grade argon having a
nominal purity of 99.996% and a dew point of -77°F (-60C), 2%
nitrogen may be added. Helium may be added if desired to fl atten
the bead contour. Argon-25% helium is desirable to get good
edge fusion when welding very heavy plate with small diameter
wire. A newer gas mixture with desirable characteristics is 95%Ar
3%He 2%N
2
. Do not add oxygen or hydrogen. Oxygen or
hydrogen contamination lowers impact toughness in duplex
stainless weldments.
TYPICAL GMAW PARAMETERS
Spray-arc transfer, 100% argon shielding at 24-36 SCFH (11-17
liter/min)
Wire dia.
Direct Current
Reverse Polarity
Amperes
Voltage
Volts
inch mm
0.035
0.9
170-200
24-28
0.045
1.14
180-260
27-31
0.062
1.6
230-350
26-32
Typical GMAW Weld Bead Mechanical Properties, Laboratory
Pulse-arc Welds
Tensile strength, ksi
100
0.2% Offset Yield, ksi
75
Elongation, %
30
Charpy V-notch Impact Strength 68°F 110 ft-lb
-40°F 80 ft-lb
SUBMERGED ARC WELDING (SAW)
When sub-arc welding LDX 2101 stainless, use Avesta Flux 805.
This is a highly basic (Basicity Index 1.7), slightly chromium-
compensated agglomerated fl ux. Do not use acid fl uxes meant
for 18-8 stainless. Heat inputs in the range 12-50 kJ/inch (0.5-2.0
kJ/mm) are preferred.
Typical SAW Parameters
Wire size
Positive Polarity
(DCRP) current
Voltage
inch mm
Volts
Amperes
3/32
2.4
300-500
28-33
1/8
3.2
400-600
29-34
Typical SAW Weld Bead Mechanical Properties, Laboratory
Welds
Tensile strength, ksi
110
0.2% Offset Yield, ksi
80
Elongation, %
25
Charpy V-notch Impact Strength 68°F 100 ft-lb
-40°F
40 ft-lb
Hardness
260 Brinell
Typical as-deposited weld metal composition using Flux 805:
23.5Cr 6.5Ni <0.5Mo 0.4Mn 0.6Si 0.02C
FLUX CORED ARC WELDING (FCAW)
The enriched nickel fl ux cored wire developed for use with LDX
2101 is designated FCW-2D LDX 2101.
The use of fl ux cored welding can reduce fabrication costs, as
compared to using solid wire. However fabricators should be
aware before quoting the job that some end users may not permit
fl ux cored welding of pressure boundary joints.
Typical FCAW Parameters With 0.045 inch dia. wire 20-25
l/min:
Argon 15- 25% CO
2
, h-vertical (PC)
position
horizontal position
Amperes DCRP
(electrode positive)
150-280 A
140-200 A
Volts
24-32 V
23-28 V
The preferred shielding gas is Argon 15-25% CO
2
at 40-50 cfh
(20-25 l/min). This mix gives the best results with respect to
arc stability, melt pool control at a minimum of spatter. It is also
possible to use 100% CO
2
. If 100% CO
2
is used, welding voltage
should be increased by 2—3 volts to ensure the right arc length.
6
Use stringer beads with very little weave. Weaving will tend to
trap slag at the edges of the bead. Allow the metal to cool down
below 300°F (150°C) between passes. Remove all traces of fl ux
before placing the equipment in service.
Typical FCAW Weld Bead Mechanical Properties,
Laboratory Welds
Tensile strength, ksi
110
0.2% Offset Yield, ksi
85
Elongation, %
25
Charpy V-notch Impact Strength 68°F 35 ft-lb
-40°F 30 ft-lb
Hardness
240 Brinell
GAS TUNGSTEN ARC WELDING (GTAW)
With GTAW, use straight stringer beads. Limit dilution of the weld
bead by LDX 2101 base metal. This is particularly important in
tack welding and during the root pass. Insuffi cient weld fi ller or
too low a heat input both tend to promote high ferrite contents and
reduced ductility in the bead.
2% thoriated tungsten electrodes (AWS EWTh-2) are used, with
direct current straight polarity (electrode negative). For good arc
control, grind the electrode tip to a 30 to 60 degree point with a
small fl at at the tip. Grind lines should be parallel to the electrode,
not circumferential. Finish grind on a 120 grit wheel. Adjust the arc
on clean scrap metal, with no scale.
Typical GTAW Parameters
Weld Wire
Diameter
Direct Current
Straight Polarity
(Electode
Negative)
VoltageShielding Gas*
Flow Rate
inch mm Amperes Volts CFH
liter/
min
3/32
2.4
130-180
16-19
13-17
6-8
1/8
3.2
160-220
17-20
* Do not use hydrogen in the torch gas. This may embrittle the weld. Helium additions
results in deeper penetration and faster speeds in automatic welding.
Pipe or tube welding requires purging at about 20-40 cubic foot
per hour (10-20 liter/minute). Common purge gases are pure
argon, or argon-2% nitrogen.
Heat input should be 12-50 kJ/inch (0.5-2.0kJ/mm) to ensure
suffi cient austenite in the fi nished weld bead.
Typical GTAW Weld Bead Mechanical Properties, Laboratory
Welds
Tensile strength, ksi
105
0.2% Offset Yield, ksi
80
Elongation, %
30
Charpy V-notch Impact Strength at both +68°F and at
-40°F is 130 ft-lb
DISSIMILAR METAL WELDS
To join LDX 2101 stainless to: Suggested Filler Metal
Carbon and low alloy steel.........................E309LMo, E309L*
Austenitic stainless (304,316, etc.)............E316L, E309LMo,
LDX 2101
Other duplex stainless (2507, alloy 255)....LDX 2101, E2209,
ER2209, 2507
AL-6XN® alloy, Alloy 20,
625, C-276, C22 or 686..............................alloy 686 CPT®,
C-276, or C-22
*the use of duplex stainless weld metal on carbon steel may result in a weld with
a hard, brittle martensitic zone of about Rockwell C35.
7
WELD JOINT DESIGNS
Compared to 316L stainless, duplex weld fi llers have reduced
fl uidity and wetting characteristics. For this reason joints need to
be more open at the root. A J-or U-preparation may be needed
with LDX 2101 where a V would suffi ce with carbon steel. Avoid
feather-edge roots--these promote high dilution and may result in
high FN welds of low toughness. The following are a few
suggested joint designs, intended to achieve full penetration
welds.
JOINT DESIGN 1. Square Butt
Maximum t = 1/8 inch (3 mm)
Gap A - 1/16 to 3/32 inch (1.6 to 2.4 mm)
t
A
JOINT DESIGN 2. Single "V" Joint
Maximum t = 5/8 inch (16 mm)
Gap A = 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
Land B = 1/32 to 1/16 inch (0.5 to 1.5 mm)
Angle C = 60 - 70°
t
A
B
C
JOINT DESIGN 3. Double "V" Joint
Gap A = 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
Land B - 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
t = 1/2 inch or greater (13 mm)
Angle C = 60 - 70°
t
A
B
C
JOINT Design 4. Single "U" Joint
Gap A = 1/16 to 1/8 inch
Land B = 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
Radius R = 1/4 to 3/8 inch (6.4 to 9.5 mm)
For single groove welds on heavy plate 3/4" (20 mm) and over.
Reduces the amount of time and fi ller required to complete weld.
t
A
B
R
15°
JOINT DESIGN 5. Double "U" Joint
Gap A = 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
Land B = 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
Radius R = 1/4 to 3/8 inch (6.4 to 9.5 mm)
Minimum t = 3/4 inch (20mm)
t
A
B
R
15°
JOINT DESIGN 6. "J" Groove Joint
Gap A = 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
Land B = 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
Radius R = 1/4 to 3/8 inch (6.4 to 9.5 mm)
For single groove welds on plates thicker than
3/4 inch (20 mm).
Reduces the amount of time and fi ller metal required to
complete the weld.
t
A
B
R
15°
8
JOINT DESIGN 7. "T" Joint
t = greater than 1/4 inch (6.4mm)
For joints requiring maximum penetration.
Full penetration welds give maximum
strength and avoid potential crevice
corrosion sites.
t
45°
JOINT DESIGN 8. For Openings such as Manways,
Viewports, and Nozzles.
Gap A = 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
Land B = 1/16 to 1/8 inch (1.6 to 3 mm)
A
B
45°
REPAIR WELDING
Separate procedures should be qualifi ed for weld repair. The
critical issue is the total exposure time of the metal to the "red
heat" zone. A maximum cumulative time of 20 minutes in the
1100-1500°F (600-800°C) range is suggested. After this time the
notch impact toughness of the weldment may drop below 50%
of the annealed value. This is caused by nitride and intermetallic
phase precipitation, which may also lower the corrosion resistance
of the weldment. The material generally will retain at least
20 foot-pounds Charpy V-notch impact strength for up to about 30
minutes exposure to about 1300°F (700°C).
Weld repair must only be performed with the use of fi ller metal.
That is, a "wash pass" with GTAW torch only is undesirable as it
will lead to a high ferrite content in the weld.
QUALITY ASSURANCE
It is important to both the fabricator and to the end user that
quality requirements for duplex fabrication be both relevant to the
service and practical to achieve. Mandatory should be NDT, both
visual and radiograph, macro geometry of the weld, tensile test
and Charpy V-notch testing. Other testing might include hardness,
microstructure, and other NDT such as ultrasonic.
Suggestions:
Prior to fabrication a weld procedure should be written and
approved by the end user. Both the procedure, and each
individual welder's performance, should be qualifi ed by weldment
impact testing as covered by paragraph UHA-51, ASME Section
VIII, Division 1. The choice of test temperature should be chosen
with the lowest expected service temperature in mind. Location
of test specimen is important. Low Charpy values may indicate a
high ferrite content, or the presence of sigma phase.
Somewhat questionable are magnetic or metallographic tests for
phase balance, and metallography for sigma. The phase balance
issue of interest might be local areas of high ferrite, but these will
get lost in magnetic measurements of a material that is already
50% ferrite. Agreement among laboratories with respect to ferrite
measurement by point count metallographic methods may be only
plus or minus 6 Ferrite Number (FN). Metallography for sigma
is very subjective, with agreement among laboratories only on
the order of a factor of 2. Volume percent of sigma may be less
important than particle size. Note that ASTM A 923, Detecting
Detrimental Intermetallic Phase, was originally written to ensure
that duplex 2205 (S32205) base metal was adequately annealed
at the steel mill. It would also be appropriate for 2205 that had
been annealed after hot or cold forming. To date it has not been
decided how to address LDX 2101 (S32101) and other lean
duplex stainless steels in ASTM A 923. A reminder—ASTM A 923
does not address welding and really is inappropriate to use as a
quality control specifi cation for weldments.
9
FERRITE MEASUREMENT
If it is considered important to measure the ferrite level in duplex stainless weldments, a magnetic method is the suggested means.
Magnetic measurement of ferrite is expressed as a Welding Research Council Ferrite Number (FN). This is the only agreed upon
means of ferrite measurement in duplex stainless weld metal.
There is currently no agreement among laboratories regarding a metallographic method of measuring actual volume per cent ferrite in
duplex stainless weld metal itself.
The defi nitive instrument for ferrite measurement in welds is the Magne-Gage®. With the addition of counterweights it may be used up
to 140 FN. This instrument is currently available from: Magne-Gage Sales and Service Co. Inc, 629 Packer Street, Avoca
Pennsylvania 18641 phone +1-570-457-3477, FAX +1-570-457-3467 Web site: www.magne-gage.com. At the high ferrite levels of a
duplex stainless, Magne-Gage readings are sensitive to vibration. Weld test specimens should be fi nished smooth with 400 or 600 grit
paper, rather than the fi le fi nish used for austenitic stainless steels.
A contemporary development is the Feritscope®-MP30, calibrated to 80 FN. This pocket-size instrument is completely portable and
convenient for shop or fi eld use. At this writing the Feritscope-MP30 is available from: Fischer® Technology, Inc., 750 Marshall Phelps
Road, Windsor, Connecticut 06095-2199, phone 800-243-8417, FAX +1-860-688-8496
Email: info@fi scher-technology.com Web site: www.helmut-fi scher.com
With either instrument the best that can be achieved is to measure the average ferrite level of the region. Given a base metal that is
half ferrite, magnetic measurements cannot distinguish any small fully ferritic regions, such as might be present in the HAZ of the more
highly alloyed duplex grades.
The information in this bulletin is derived from Outokumpu and Avesta Welding publications, in particular work by Björn Holmberg,
Fredrik Hägg, Martin Larén and Zhiliang Zhou. A certain amount of information is from Rolled Alloys welding technology.
Note:
The data and information in this manual are believed to be reliable. However, this material is not intended as a substitute for competent professional engineering assistance which is a requisite to any specifi c application. Rolled Alloys makes no
warranty and assumes no legal liability or responsibility for results to be obtained in any particular situation, and shall not be liable for any direct, indirect, special, or consequential damages therefrom. This material is subject to revision without prior
notice.
For other technical information on LDX 2101 duplex stainless, or a current LDX 2101 fabrication manual, contact Rolled Alloys at www.RolledAlloys.com or 1-800-521-0332 or 734-847-0561.
LDX 2101 is a registered trademark of Outokumpu Stainless.
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